Types of building materials for construction. What is the cheapest material for building a house? Brick - it is a brick

Even in the fairy tale of the three little pigs, the most important and always relevant idea is raised about the correct choice of building material for the house. A fairy tale is a fairy tale, but many of us, like the heroes of the famous work, want to build a strong reliable home with minimal effort. However, today it is quite possible to do this thanks to the development construction technologies. However, there are so many different wall materials that the developer has to rack his brains when deciding which material is best to build a house from. Brick, aerated concrete, wood, sandwich panels - which is better, more reliable, more durable and warmer?

The costs of erecting the walls of a house account for up to 40% of the cost of all work, so it is so important to weigh the numerous pros and cons of each material in order to accept the only correct solution. It is also necessary to take into account the seasonality of living in the house, requirements for thermal insulation, the cost of fuel used for heating, as well as the labor intensity of the work and the budget allocated for construction. Today there are a lot of materials for building a house - finding the one that most accurately meets your needs is not a problem.

No. 1. Wooden house

The most conservative and traditional material for building a house is wood. Its undeniable advantages include:

Minuses:

• high fire hazard, even though special impregnations are used in the production of timber today;
• wood is sensitive to humidity and pests, they are also trying to combat this, but without constant care the material will be constantly damaged;
• shrinkage;
• high price.

Glued laminated timber

No. 2. Brick house

Another classic and time-tested material for building a house is. Despite the emergence of a mass of alternative materials, it remains the most popular material for the construction of low-rise private houses, and there are many reasons for this.

pros:

• high durability and strength;
• inertia, insects and;
• fire resistance;
• the material is breathable;
• brick allows you to turn a project of any complexity into reality.

Minuses:

For the construction of a 2- or 3-story house A brick of strength M100 or M125 is enough, but it is better to build the ground floor from M150-M175 bricks. It is also necessary to take into account the frost resistance of the brick, which is determined by the cycles of freezing and defrosting that the material can withstand without losing its basic properties. If for warm regions it is quite possible to use F15-30 brick, then for the middle zone it is better to take material with frost resistance F50, and for the most severe regions - F100. After the house is built, it is given some time to dry. Brick walls are usually finished.

Based on filling, bricks are divided into:

For the construction of walls, only two types of bricks are used:

• silicate (white).

Ideally, it is better to build from ceramic bricks of plastic formation. It is made from high-quality clay by extrusion. Ceramic bricks of dry and semi-dry formation due to their high precision geometry are mainly used for cladding. It is characterized by durability, good sound insulation and strength.

Sand-lime brick produced on the basis of sand and lime, it is cheaper than ceramic, but more fragile, has a small variety, lower thermal insulation and low moisture resistance.

No. 3. Houses made of cellular concrete

Lightweight concrete blocks are the most promising material for building a house of all those existing in the world. this moment. Of all stone materials, cellular concrete has the best thermal insulation properties. Due to the fact that the block is large in size (replaces 17-20 single bricks), the construction of buildings is carried out quickly. In terms of strength and durability, the material is practically not inferior to brick. Cellular concrete includes aerated concrete, foam concrete,, but the first two have become most widespread in private construction.

House made of aerated concrete (aerated block)

House made of cinder concrete

No. 4. Frame house

No. 5. Houses made of reinforced concrete panels

Another option for rapid construction is the technology of constructing houses from ready-made factory ones. A low-rise house can be built in a few days! The technology is reminiscent of that which was so actively used in the Soviet Union for the rapid construction of millions of square meters of housing.

pros:

Minuses:

• a solid foundation is needed;
• a small number of offers on the market (few companies cast slabs for the created project - usually elements of typical sizes are manufactured);
• such a house “does not breathe”;
• Concrete does not hold heat well.

When you need to quickly build a reliable and durable house of decent size, then this is one of the best options, especially since today it is possible to cast panels of strictly required shapes and sizes in order to erect a building according to.

When choosing material for building a house, it is important to take into account the climate, the type of soil, the future heating system, and many other factors. But even the highest quality building materials can disappoint if construction technology is violated or the foundation is laid incorrectly, so these points should be given no less importance.

It's time to explain why aerated concrete is the most the right material for the walls of a country house and no other material can compete with it in terms of its totality of characteristics. I propose to consider together all those currently existing on the market Construction Materials(including rare and exotic) and make sure that better material I can’t think of anything better than aerated concrete for low-rise construction.

But in any case, from wooden walls new materials frame house this is the best thing to choose in our time. Thus, we actually get the fact that with all the variety of existing building materials, we have only two options left:

House made of cellular concrete (aerated concrete)
Frame house

All other building materials are, in principle, untenable and there is no point in considering them if you are building a house for the future for long-term and comfortable use. And now is the time to make a direct comparison of a house made of aerated concrete and a frame house.

Let me remind you that in both cases we are guided by the fact that the house will be built on a monolithic foundation slab, that is, low heat capacity of the walls frame house in our case is not relevant. If you decide to build a frame house on a pile foundation, then soberly understand that the heat capacity of such a house will tend to zero and any heating shutdown in winter will lead to almost instant freezing of the entire house. If we are talking about a house for permanent residence and year-round use, it must have an extremely high heat capacity of the enclosing structures, because The comfort of using such a house directly depends on this parameter.

The main advantage of a frame house is the opportunity to get an incredibly “warm” wall at a minimum cost. This is directly related to the fact that lightweight insulation has a heat transfer resistance per centimeter of thickness that is 2-3 times less than that of solid wood or even aerated concrete.

The second is predominantly frame houses- speed of construction of the load-bearing frame of walls and roof. In fact, the advantage is quite dubious if you approach the house as a complex object. Because the subsequent finishing of the frame house, firstly, will no longer be so fast, and secondly, with engineering systems You'll also have to tinker. But if you want to get a roof over your head here and now (it doesn’t matter that you still have to work and work under this roof so that the house finally looks like a home), then you can agree to a frame house. The same applies to popular Lately modular houses assembled in production. Their manufacturers position assembly in a hangar as an advantage for the customer, although in fact the customer should absolutely not care, because This does not affect production times in any way. But for the performer, assembly under the hangar roof is a big plus, because allows you to reduce costs and downtime associated with unpredictability of weather, if you consider the option of construction on the customer’s site. But on the other hand, the customer becomes severely limited by the too small sizes of individual modules, which are completely uncomfortable for subsequent use (for example, ceilings in a normal house should be at least 2.8 meters).

This is where the advantages of frame houses end and the disadvantages begin.

First and most important. Frame houses are now being built by all and sundry (since the cost of building a frame house is extremely low and you can make a lot of money), which requires special control over compliance with construction technology. Otherwise you can get this such a "barn", which will collapse at the slightest gust of wind. According to the link in the video, everything that could be violated was violated, but in fact, during a hurricane, with a very high probability, a well-built frame house will collapse to one degree or another and you need to be prepared for this. The calculation of loads for a frame house must be done more carefully than for a stone one, paradoxically as it may seem.

The second disadvantage of frame houses is the expensive finishing and installation of utility systems open method. After all, it is forbidden to lay electrical wiring in combustible structures, and therefore it will have to be done in an open way, which is very doubtful from an aesthetic point of view. In a house made of cellular concrete, everything is much simpler - all communications and wires are laid in the walls, which are then plastered. Absolutely the same as they do in apartments.

By the way, about ventilation. If you “forget” to do it in an aerated concrete house, then the high vapor permeability of the walls will allow you to somehow cope with excess humidity in the house, but in a frame thermos house without ventilation with a microclimate everything will be very bad.

What else?
The sound insulation of a frame house is as bad as that of an unplastered house made of cellular concrete.
Hanging heavy objects on walls is only possible on a supporting frame.
Mice and other pests can infest the walls of a frame house.
Fire hazard. Stone houses also burn, but extremely rarely this leads to the collapse of walls and ceilings. A frame house burns out instantly, despite various impregnations for wood (remember that electrical wiring in a frame house can only be carried out using the open method).
The durability of a frame house depends on its service life wooden frame(and without protection the tree will begin to rot). While stone building materials (including cellular concrete) are eternal, cement-based materials only become stronger over the years.

If we compare completely ready-made houses the same area, with engineering systems and finishing, then you can make an amazing discovery. The cost of work and materials for a frame house is almost completely identical to the cost of work and materials for building a house made of aerated concrete. Of course aerated concrete house It will be a little more expensive, because... during its construction it will be necessary to use mechanization, but this will be less than 10% of the total cost of all work.

Thus, we can conclude that aerated concrete is an ideal building material, which has no alternatives in principle. A frame house should only be considered if, for one reason or another, you do not have the opportunity to build a house from cellular concrete.

In the next part we will choose the ideal roof for a country house. Don't switch!

Depending on whether bricks, blocks or wood are used for construction, a private house may differ not only in quality, but also in price. If a person with average income makes a choice in favor brick house, then he must keep in mind that others modern materials, used for construction, have higher heat retention rates. In this case there will be a clear overrun Money on .

Regardless of the material used for the walls, cement or cement blocks are used for the foundation. Only their number and amount of expenditure varies, depending on what material the house is supposed to be built from and how light it will be to determine the thickness and depth of the foundation.

The same can be said about the roof. The composition of the roof is selected depending on the requirements for heat conservation indicators.

The best material for building a house

Wood can be considered the best building material for a private house. But even this advantage will not be a key argument for people who have insufficient funds. Unfortunately, materials with high levels of environmental friendliness cannot yet be called universally available to residents of Russia.

Wood as a material has many advantages, but the main one is its high price. For a person with an average income, building housing from such material is in most cases unaffordable.

When describing modern materials, one cannot help but remember that residents of some settlements use exclusively environmentally friendly materials for building houses (straw, clay, hay). But these options can be considered more exotic and less common in Russia.

If you use the option of block construction, then the insulation will be the same as for a brick wall - expensive, but the material itself will be cheaper, so a private house made of blocks is the most profitable in recalculating the final costs.

In addition, during block construction, a private developer will significantly save on time costs. After all, laying blocks is much easier and faster than bricks.

The insulation for a frame house is mineral wool or monolithic foam concrete. This is a good budget option for a person with limited financial resources. Ecowool can be a more expensive insulation option. In some cases, polyurethane foam or polystyrene foam is used. On the outside, the insulation is covered with cement-bonded particle board (CSP), particle-cement board (CCP), plywood or OSB.

Facade plaster or siding is needed for cladding or cladding at the last stage of construction. Considering lightweight design the frame of the house, we can also conclude that cement is used economically to build the foundation. Therefore for budget option When constructing a private house, it is most profitable to choose frame technology.

Fixed
formwork Warm
ceramics

Comparison various materials and their combinations for thermal conductivity:

What to build a house from?

Before starting construction, you need to decide why you need a country house. Conventionally, country houses can be divided into two large categories.

Seasonal houses. They are designed primarily for summer living and for ambient temperatures of 0...-5°C. The walls of such houses are made in a frame design, from timber 100 - 150 mm thick, from rounded logs of small (up to 220 mm) diameters. Due to the low level of protection of the walls of such a house from heat loss, the cost of construction is low.

Some typical wall options for such houses:

Homes for permanent residence. The name speaks for itself and implies constant heating in winter. They are designed for outdoor temperatures down to -30°C. Such houses can be either wooden or stone.

Walls wooden houses for year-round use are made from profiled or sawn timber from 200 mm and above, with or without insulation, from rounded or chopped logs 240 - 280 mm.

Stone houses for permanent residence are also built using different technologies: monolithic houses in permanent formwork, stone houses made of aerated blocks (gas silicate blocks), bricks, warm ceramics, expanded clay concrete blocks.

Typical wall designs for permanent residences:

You can read more about the energy efficiency of various building materials in the article Thermal characteristics of wall materials.

Choosing building material

Wooden house usually chosen by people who prioritize the environmental friendliness of the building. In such a house it is most pleasant to relax from heavy working week, get some sleep, get some psychological relief. Wooden walls maintain a very comfortable atmosphere for humans - an optimal level of humidity and air exchange. Stone house, First of all, a practical choice. Minimum operating costs, low heat loss and long service life are the factors that make you think about building such a home. Combined house- a house that allows you to combine the practicality of a stone house with the light atmosphere of a wooden one. The stone ground floor provides space for practical solutions and design experiments, and in the bedrooms wooden second floors, your sleep will be sound and pleasant. General comparative characteristics of materials are summarized in two tables. The tables contain general information, and not technical coefficients and parameters, which, if interest arises, are not difficult to find. Table 1.

Material	+	-
	Low weight (600 - 900 kg/m3) allows the use of a lightweight shallow foundation. The material is environmentally friendly and acts as a natural filter in the room. The ability to leave the internal and external surfaces of the walls without additional finishing. Possibility of year-round construction, wide architectural possibilities, attractive appearance. Price.	Fire hazard, susceptible to biological effects, wood shrinkage, cracking, lower durability compared to stone houses, lower wall heat transfer resistance.
Warm ceramics	High degree of fire protection, low susceptibility to atmospheric influences, absence of biological influence, high structural strength, durability, good vapor permeability.	The desirability of using foundations poured to the depth of soil freezing. Requires interior wall finishing, restrictions on wall construction work in winter. Difficulty in attaching heavy hanging structures to hollow walls. The wall thickness is quite large - 51cm (without insulation). High price.
Monolithic houses (in permanent formwork)	Short construction time. Savings when constructing foundations. Saving on the cost of wall materials. High thermal characteristics walls Expanded polystyrene is an environmentally friendly material and does not contain substances that feed microorganisms. Durability and reliability of monolithic walls. High seismic resistance. High resistance of the structure to destruction on floating foundations.	It is not a natural eco-friendly material. Wall finishing required. For plastering, special expensive materials are used - “wet plaster”.
Gas silicate blocks (Air blocks)	Good vapor permeability, high heat capacity. Does not emit any into the atmosphere harmful substances. Good frost resistance and durability.	Requires more complex foundations compared to monolithic houses. Difficulty in attaching heavy suspended structures to fragile walls made of aerated blocks. Inability to carry out work in winter.

Table 2.

Materials	Thermal conductivity	Reliability	Eco-friendly	Exploitation	Foundation cost	Fire safety	Vapor-air-permeability
Beam and log	*	**	***	*	***	*	***
Gas silicate block	**	**	**	***	**	***	**
Foam block	*	*	**	**	**	***	**
Monolith in permanent formwork	***	***	**	***	**	**	*
Warm ceramics (porous brick)	**	**	***	***	*	***	**

Some additions.

To maintain normal heat and humidity conditions in brick house, it must be constantly heated. If the house has not been used in winter, then in the spring it will have to be heated thoroughly before it warms up and the rooms become dry. House made of wood or monolithic house, built using technology permanent formwork, does not require heating during the winter.

The construction of a heavy foundation and thick brick walls is significantly more expensive compared to the construction of a wooden cottage or the construction of a monolithic house.

In a wooden house exchange and purification of air occurs more intensively. Through a log or timber in an enclosed space, up to 30% of the air per day can change, and the unique properties of these materials allow them to release accumulated moisture in dry weather, and, on the contrary, to absorb excess moisture from the living room in damp weather. That is why wooden houses have a special microclimate and high level comfort. Wood is a very living material. Even after being cut down, it continues to breathe, radiate heat energy, and exude the aroma of resin. Wooden houses give people a boost of bioenergy, heal them, and have a positive effect on the human nervous system.

Construction of a monolithic house using permanent formwork gives creative scope to the most daring architectural ideas. This material can bring to life any architectural form - from a warm garage for an iron pet to the floating lines of a small country residence. And you can be proud of the heating of the building in front of your neighbors - it is so economical.

A house made of warm ceramics is a combination of durability, reliability and environmental friendliness. The walls of such a house will last for hundreds of years, paying off their fairly high cost. A house made of such blocks does not need additional insulation (with a wall thickness of 51 cm). The use of natural clay as a basis for ceramic blocks guarantees the absence of any chemical impurities in the air. Such a house is a long-term investment in which more than one generation of descendants will live.

So, make up your mind!! If your choice is in favor of a cozy wooden house or you are attracted by the reliability and durability of stone - contact our construction company, we will help you select a project from the catalog, or we will develop a new one to suit your needs.

WOODEN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION

Which tree is better?

Many developers are faced with the question of what type of wood to build a house from. Since ancient times, when constructing a wooden house, preference was given to coniferous trees - larch, pine and spruce. No wonder there was a saying among the people: “The hut is a spruce tree, but the heart is healthy!”
The most famous material for wood construction- pine . It has a hard, resin-impregnated core and a looser
top part. Of all the coniferous species, pine is most often used in construction. It is distinguished by the greatest straightness of the trunk, the minimum number of knots and good technical properties. Pine has a high resistance to decay, but often (especially in July-August) with high humidity it tends to turn blue. Blue stains in themselves do not change the physical and mechanical properties of wood, but spoil the appearance. Pine is the main material for the construction of wooden houses, both here and in Europe (in particular, in Finland).

An equally popular building material is spruce. The physical characteristics of these breeds are very similar. Spruce has a stronger outer shell, but a softer core. In a dry state, spruce wood is not inferior in strength to pine wood. Spruce is more susceptible to rotting, but turns blue much less. On the world market, spruce is valued higher than pine.

Another building material (almost ideal) is larch, which has a unique pattern that is unique to it. Larch is stronger, denser and practically unaffected by moisture, but it is more difficult to process than pine and splits easily. Therefore, larch is ideal as a wall material, but is not used as a material for structures (beams, valleys, rafters, tie-downs, etc.). However, this material is relatively expensive and not available to everyone.

What will we build the walls from?

Our construction company offers a large selection of building materials for your home or bathhouse. Let's look at their main types.

Technological material that requires a minimum of manual labor construction of a house, since the house is assembled according to the principle of a designer. All necessary operations with rounded logs are performed at the production site, in particular the selection of mounting cups and landing channel in rounded logs.

The advantage of a rounded log is its smooth, rounded shape, which makes it possible to achieve a tight connection between the logs. The diameter of rounded logs ranges from 160 to 320 mm. And thanks to the same diameter and high quality surface treatment, rounded logs do not require wall finishing.

Advantages of building houses and baths from rounded logs:

Precision manufacturing of rounded logs and their marking speeds up the assembly of buildings and reduces construction costs;

The beautiful appearance of rounded logs due to the high quality and cleanliness of the surface treatment allows you to do without additional finishing of the walls inside and outside;

The tightness of crown and corner connections of logs is ensured by the technological precision of the groove and “cups”;

The aesthetic appeal of buildings constructed using rounded logs.

2. Hand-hewn logs with a diameter of up to 40 cm
For manual felling, we use environmentally friendly, high-quality wood (spruce, pine, larch), not infected with woodworm and fungus, with a humidity of 45-60%. It is quite easy to process and is less deformed when natural drying in assembled form. The logs undergo manual processing: removal of bark, cutting, removal of cups and grooves, processing with a plane. With this treatment, the top hard protective layer of the log (“sapwood”) is preserved. Hand-hewn logs are less deformed during the aging process. Corner connections logs are made into a “bowl” or “paw” with each other, the crowns are fastened with wooden spikes (dowel) every 1000 - 1500 mm, all logs are treated with an antiseptic. Such houses are warmer than those assembled from rounded logs, and their walls are less susceptible to cracks. And with high-quality processing of logs, the appearance of such houses is not much inferior to houses made of rounded logs.
If you like old Russian or Finnish style houses - this is your material!

A house made of profiled timber is an island of comfort and coziness in the world of the concrete jungle. Wooden house will delight its owner with a very comfortable atmosphere indoors - after all wood is an excellent natural conditioner , maintaining air exchange and humidity at a very comfortable level for humans.
When producing profiled timber, a high purity of the treated surface is achieved, so the wood becomes almost polished, which makes it possible not to use Additional materials for interior decoration of a wooden house, and therefore avoid unnecessary costs. Unlike log walls, the walls in a cottage made of profiled timber are even, almost o facilitates possible finishing, arrangement of furniture, use of wall cabinets.
Currently, many people prefer this material. The price-quality ratio is optimal here. Cottages made from profiled timber are very modern, look great, and withstand temperature changes well, which is very important for the regions of central Russia.
The construction of houses and cottages from profiled timber is a technological process that includes processing the material on a machine and preparing a “cup” with a double lock. It is possible to pre-assemble the house in the workshop, which ensures particularly high assembly accuracy. Final assembly includes erecting the frame on the construction site, drilling and securing the timber with dowels.
During the construction of cottages and country houses From profiled timber, our company uses material manufactured by one of the company’s departments.

4. Regular sawn (unplaned) timber
This is the cheapest wood building material. The sawn timber used for the construction of a well for a wooden house is made of an equilateral section (150x150mm, 200x200mm), or a versatile section (from 150x100mm). In construction, either simply sawn timber or planed timber (on one or both sides) is used. Basically, ordinary timber with a section of 150x150, 200x150, 200x200 mm is used for construction country houses(optimal ratio: price/quality), and larger sizes - for the construction of cottages with subsequent insulation and finishing with other facing materials.
However, we must not forget that a simple beam does not have a thermal lock. Because of this, it is difficult to insulate it, because... the blowing coefficient will be several times higher than that of a wall made of properly made logs or profiled timber. In any case, after 1 - 1.5 years (after the log house has dried out), it is necessary to carefully caulk the seams between the beams and sheathe finishing materials walls both inside and outside (eurolining, siding, etc.). All these activities absorb the savings obtained when purchasing the timber itself. The benefit here is one thing - such a house can be built (and, therefore, invested in it) in stages, over time.

Naturally, any option for constructing a wooden house must involve antiseptic treatment of the walls with special compounds and paints that protect the wood from blueing, putrefactive diseases, mold and wood-boring beetles.

TECHNOLOGIES OF THE XXI CENTURY: Monolithic houses in permanent formwork

IN modern world, where are the prices for building materials, as well as electricity, gas and fuel are growing rapidly, the issue of cost-effective construction of cottages is being raised quite seriously, and during operation - saving on heating and air conditioning of houses.
In this regard, we offer technology of monolithic housing construction "Izodom" (using permanent formwork made of expanded polystyrene). This technology for thermal protection, sound insulation, comfort, simplicity and speed of construction, as well as durability refers to advanced technologies in the field of construction and is designed for the rapid construction of warm, reliable and inexpensive houses.
This technology has been tested for many years in the USA, Canada and Western Europe, confirming the cost-effectiveness and durability of this system, and in recent years it has begun to enjoy popularity in Russia. The scope of application of the Izodom technology is the construction of cottages, rural houses and dachas; construction of shops, cafes; multi-storey residential buildings; warm individual pools, garages and much more.

What does the Izodom technology (monolithic houses) give to developers?

Reduced construction time. When using traditional materials (such as brick), the construction of a house takes a long time. If you build using the Izodom technology, the same wall area is built several times faster.
Savings when constructing foundations, since Izodom walls create significantly less specific load on the foundation. For such a house it is recommended to install a shallow foundation.
Saving on the cost of wall materials. Price square meter Izodom walls are significantly lower than the cost of a brick wall, which is similar in terms of heat conservation.
Benefit from obtaining additional usable space, since the thickness of the IZODOM walls is much less than the thickness of walls made of other building materials with similar heat-saving ability.
High thermal characteristics of walls- this is a way to avoid high costs for the purchase of expensive heating equipment, transportation of fuel, time and labor for its operation. The cost of heating an IZODOM building will be 3-4 times less compared to a brick building.

How cottages are built from monolithic concrete.

The Izodom system modules are hollow polystyrene foam blocks with a density of 25-27 kg/m3, which are joined together like parts children's construction set. Permanent formwork modules have cavities that are reinforced and filled with concrete during the construction process, and a special The design of the locks allows you to quickly and accurately connect blocks. In this way it is constructed monolithic wall, framed on the inside and outside with a heat- and sound-insulating polystyrene foam shell. Thanks to this wall design, houses built using permanent formwork are durable, light and very warm. The wall thickness is selected depending on the purpose of the structure, as well as the temperature parameters of the construction region.
The internal partitions of the house can be made from these same blocks or from any other traditional materials. When constructing buildings, you can use any type of floors - monolithic floors, concrete slabs or classic wooden floor structures.
For exterior finishing plaster, siding, facing brick or stone can be used on walls. Interior decoration can be carried out using plaster or plasterboard. The undoubted advantage of a house built using this technology is that the walls, both internal and external, have a very smooth surface, therefore, an economical thin layer of plaster is needed to finish the walls. In addition, electrical wiring is very easy to install in such walls.
Expanded polystyrene is environmentally friendly (97% air and 3% material) and is even used for packaging food products. It does not contain substances that feed microorganisms, i.e. not subject to the destructive effects of rodents, mold and bacteria. In addition, it does not burn unless exposed to flame for a long time (more than 2.5 hours).

Technical parameters of walls.

The wall thickness is 25, 30 or 35 cm, where 15 cm is concrete, the rest (10, 15 or 20 cm, respectively) is polystyrene foam.

The weight of the walls without finishing is 400 kg/m2.
Concrete consumption is about 125 liters per square meter of wall.
Thermal conductivity coefficient - R0=0.036 W/mK excluding external and internal finishing.
The fire resistance limit of the wall is 2.5 hours.
Vapor permeability - 0.032 mg/(m.h.Pa).
Water absorption in 24 hours, by volume - 0.1%.
Acoustic insulation - 46 dB.

Fire safety:

Fire hazard class load-bearing wall- K0 (fire spread limit is 0)
The fire resistance limit of a load-bearing wall is at least 155 min.**

* According to the conclusion of the State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy"
** According to testing center of the Federal State Institution VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia

Whatever material you choose to build your house, we will be happy to help the future homeowner decide on a project or develop an individual one, discuss materials and finishing, and build STRONG HOUSE, according to your wishes, tastes and capabilities.

It is believed that stone is the best material for building a country house. Due to its durability, strength and adaptability to almost any geographical area, stone is very popular in the construction industry. However, is stone really the best material?

Despite the fact that everything seems to be in order with oil and gas production in Russia, the price of energy resources in our country is steadily growing. And so, following the countries of Europe, the Russian Federation adopted in 2003 new standards for thermal resistance of enclosing and load-bearing structures (SNiP 23-02-2003 “Thermal protection of buildings”).

But even before the adoption of new SNiPs, new effective building materials and technologies came to us (and continue to come).

What should the walls (enclosing structures) of a house be like in order to comply with building heating standards? The answer to this question is not entirely clear.

If you do the calculations, it turns out that, for example, Brick wall should be 2.3 m thick, and concrete – 6 m. Therefore, the wall structure should be combined, that is, multi-layered. Moreover, one “layer” in this case will perform a load-bearing function, and the other will provide heat conservation.

A certain difficulty lies in the fact that the parts of this “layer cake” are too different in their physical and chemical properties. Therefore, in order to combine them, we have to come up with ingenious construction technologies.

A little physics

What parameters seem to be the most important when choosing a material for building an energy-efficient warm house? This is, first of all, the load-bearing capacity of the material, as well as its heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Let's focus on the latter.

The unit of measurement for heat capacity - kJ/(kg °C) - indicates how much thermal energy is contained in 1 kg of material with a temperature of 1 degree Celsius. For example, consider two building materials known to everyone - wood and concrete. The heat capacity of the first is 2.3, and the second is 0.84 kJ/(kg °C) (according to SNiP II-3-79).

It turns out that wood is a much more heat-intensive material, and heating it will require more thermal energy, and when it cools, it will give off environment more joules. The concrete will heat up faster and cool down faster. However, these figures can only be obtained in theory if you compare 1 kg of absolutely dry wood and 1 kg of concrete.

For construction practice, these conditional values ​​are practically useless, because if you recalculate per square meter of a real wooden or concrete wall, for example, 20 cm, the picture changes. Here is a small table in which, for comparison, 1 m² of a wall 20 cm thick is taken from different materials(at a temperature of 20 ° C).

From the given figures it is clear that for heating 1 m² concrete wall by 1 degree you will have to generate almost 20 times more thermal energy than heating wood. That is, a wooden or frame house can be heated to the required temperature much faster than a concrete or brick one, because the weight (mass) of brick and concrete is greater.

Let us also remember that in addition to specific heat capacity, there is also thermal conductivity of building materials. This is a property that characterizes the intensity of heat transfer in a material. With increasing temperature, humidity and density of a substance, the thermal conductivity coefficient increases.

The thermal resistance of a homogeneous enclosing structure, defined as the ratio of the thermal conductivity coefficient of the wall material to the wall thickness in meters, must be no less than the required heat transfer resistance (depending on the temperature of the coldest five-day period in the region and other climatic parameters).

For the Moscow region, heat transfer resistance is in the range of 3.1–3.2 m °C/W. And in Novosibirsk, where frosts in winter reach an average of 42 °C, this figure is much higher. It should also be taken into account that not only walls take part in the heating processes, but also everything that is inside the house - ceiling structures, floors, windows, furniture, as well as air. Play a significant role architectural features enclosing structures and the presence of “cold bridges”.

Wood as a building material

For comfort in the house, a combination of sufficient heat capacity and low thermal conductivity of the wall material is important. In this regard, wood has no equal. it's the same good material for seasonal homes, to which the owners come only occasionally in winter.

Wooden house, long time unheated, better able to withstand sudden temperature changes.

The condensation that forms when the heating is turned on is partially absorbed by the wood. Then the walls gradually release the accumulated moisture to the heated air, thereby helping to maintain a favorable microclimate in the living quarters.

Used in construction conifers: spruce, pine, larch, fir, and cedar. In terms of price/quality ratio, pine is the most in demand. Its heat capacity is 2.3–2.7 kJ/(kg K). Along with the ancient technology of manual felling, houses built from rounded logs, profiled and ordinary timber, gun carriages, and laminated veneer lumber have also gained popularity.

Whatever you choose, keep in mind the general rule for wooden walls - the thicker the better. And here you will have to proceed from the capabilities of your wallet, since as the thickness of the log increases, the cost of the material and the price of work increase.

In order to meet the required heat-technical standards, the log (rounded or hand-cut) must have a diameter of at least 28 cm, and the profiled beam must have a thickness of at least 24 cm. Then the house does not need to be insulated from the outside.

Meanwhile, the most common size of profiled timber is 20×20 cm, length up to 6 m. So the developer will have to immediately calculate and decide what thickness of walls to build: 20×20 cm, followed by insulation with mineral wool and cladding (siding, lining, façade panels) or thicker ones without insulation and cladding.

Separately, let's say about ordinary (not profiled) timber measuring 15x15 cm. It is very popular in dacha construction, but nevertheless, it is better not to build a house for year-round use from such material. It is only suitable for a small summer garden house. However, the appearance of such a house is unlikely to please you.

No matter how hard you try to caulk the gaps between the crowns, they still appear due to warping and uneven shrinkage of the wood. Birds take away caulk to make nests. Under slanting summer rain, the wall gets wet through and through, and there is no need to talk about freezing in winter.

If you still choose this type of construction, then first wait for the new log structure to settle (six months or a year) and begin its external insulation and cladding. A suspended insulation system (ventilated façade) would be optimal. Let us note that it is undesirable and even harmful to insulate wooden walls from the inside.

Glued laminated timber...

It is somewhat superior to massive timber and rounded logs in strength and hardness. Due to its layered structure, the product is not subject to cracking and warping, and is resistant to rotting. Nevertheless, the thermal characteristics of laminated veneer lumber are only slightly better than those of ordinary pine logs.

You can live in a house made of timber, where the walls are 20 cm thick, even in winter. However, heating will require high costs. Such housing also does not comply with the requirements of SNiP 23.02–2003 “Thermal protection of buildings” (for the middle zone Ro = 3.49 m²·°C/W).

Meanwhile, the cost of houses made of laminated veneer lumber varies between 40-80 thousand rubles. per m². The question arises: is it worth spending money on 20 cm thick walls first, and then on insulation and cladding?

And it’s a pity to cover the very decorative surface of laminated timber with a curtain wall. So you need to think hard here. For comparison, a house made of hand-cut logs will cost 40–70 thousand rubles. per m², the average cost of a house made of rounded logs and profiled timber will be about 20–25 thousand rubles. for 1 m².

Proper insulation of wooden walls

Using special dowels, thermal insulation slabs made of basalt wool are attached to the walls. To prevent atmospheric moisture from penetrating into the insulation, the slabs are covered with a superdiffusion hydro-windproof membrane (film).

Such membranes protect the facade from rain, snow, condensation and wind. At the same time, they allow steam coming from inside the house to pass through well. Next, guide rails are nailed to the walls at a certain pitch for attaching the finishing material.

The finishing can be vinyl siding, wooden lining of different widths and thicknesses, block house (planed board made in the form of a segment of a rounded log) and other materials. It is important to leave vents at the top and bottom to ensure air circulation in the ventilation ducts formed by the wooden guide rails.

Frame construction technologies

Maybe not everyone knows, but frame construction- one of the oldest. An example of this is half-timbered houses, which have a rigid supporting frame of posts, beams and braces. Our ancestors filled the space between the frame elements with a kind of insulation - reeds or straw mixed with clay, or a more reliable material - raw brick.

The frame was covered with tar to prevent it from rotting, and the clay filling was plastered and whitewashed. Part of the frame was usually left visible, which is why half-timbered houses have a characteristic black and white appearance. The thermal characteristics of such a house are excellent; they are cool in summer and warm in winter. Today's options frame technology there are a lot.

Many countries, primarily the northern ones, contributed to their creation and development: Canada, the USA, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. However, the principle is still the same: wooden or metal racks, united by horizontal strapping, are sheathed on the outside with sheet materials (oriented strand boards, cement-bonded particle boards, waterproof plywood, etc.). The internal space is filled effective insulation– mineral basalt wool.

WITH inside a vapor barrier film is installed, and a hydro-windproof membrane is stretched on the outside. Followed by decorative finishing walls

A frame or frame-panel house built according to all the rules will serve you faithfully for decades. Frame and frame-panel houses can be partially or completely made from factory-produced elements, brought to the construction site and quickly assembled on site. They do not require powerful foundations; pile and bored structures are suitable.

A frame house can take on any form and look like wood, brick, stone, or plastered. The same can be said about interior decoration. The choice is huge: fiberboard, plaster, drywall, wallpaper, painting, wooden lining, panels and other materials. In the depths frame walls it is convenient to place communications, electrical wires, heating pipes, which has a positive effect on the interior design.

After installing the equipment and completing the finishing, the frame house is completely ready for living. If you visit your country house on short visits, on weekends and holidays, there is practically no alternative to a frame structure. It can be warmed up quickly, literally overnight.

But if the heating is turned off, the “ice age” will come just as quickly. This happens because, unlike concrete and brick, a frame wall has virtually no place to retain heat. Even wood paneling will not cope with this function due to its low mass.

And mineral wool another calling: it plays the role of a reliable boundary between two temperature environments - cold external and warm internal. So it won’t be possible to heat a frame house for future use. As for the price, then general rule“Cheap is never good” applies here too.

Excessive savings on construction are inappropriate. The price per square meter greatly depends on the manufacturer of building elements, the distance to the construction site, and the wages of workers. On average, a turnkey house will cost approximately 19–24 thousand rubles. for 1 m² of total area.

Brick

Clay brick has always been a symbol of something stable and indestructible. Indeed, brick is durable, frost-resistant, and immune to atmospheric influences. But the thermal performance of the material leaves much to be desired.

Brick products can be divided into three groups:

1. Solid products:

• ordinary brick (density 1700–1800 kg/m³, thermal conductivity coefficient 0.6–0.7 W/m°C);
• conditionally efficient brick (density 1400–1600 kg/m³, thermal conductivity coefficient 0.35–0.5 W/m°C);
• efficient brick (density less than 1100 kg/m³, thermal conductivity coefficient 0.18–0.25 W/m°C).

2. Hollow bricks with a percentage of voids from 5 to 40%. This also includes facing products.

3. Porous bricks, including large-format stone bricks. The low thermal conductivity coefficient of the latter is achieved due to closed air pores, as well as the special structure of the material with honeycomb-shaped voids.

If we take into account walls with a thickness of 510 mm or 640 mm, covered with the necessary layer of “warm” plaster, then only effective ceramic products reach the standard. Walls made of solid and conditionally efficient bricks require additional insulation.

To solve this problem, three options are proposed: installing a plaster heat-insulating system, installing a suspended facade insulation system (ventilated façade) and constructing three-layer walls with a heat-insulating layer. A brick house is good for permanent residence. Brick structures “breathe”, that is, they are able to provide air exchange in the thickness of the walls, and have solid thermal inertia.

Once heated, such a wall retains heat for a long time even with minimal heating, gradually releasing it into the surrounding space. That is, if the heating unit suddenly breaks down, it will be possible to hold out for a long time until the repair specialists arrive in a more or less comfortable atmosphere.

Cellular concrete

Cellular concrete is a collective term that combines finely porous building materials based on a mineral binder (lime, cement). This includes large-format blocks made of aerated concrete, gas silicate, foam concrete and foam silicate. Expanded polystyrene concrete is classified as a separate category.

The structure of the listed materials is formed by small air pores (cells). They give products made from cellular concrete a high thermal insulation capacity and a relatively low volumetric mass.

Walls built using single-row block masonry technology do not require additional insulation. They also do not need a powerful foundation. In terms of its environmental and other characteristics, this material is close to wood, but differs favorably from it in that it does not burn or deform when humidity changes. At the same time, in terms of its thermal performance, a wall made of cellular concrete is superior to a brick one.

Cellular concrete is divided into thermal insulation (density up to 400 kg/m³, porosity 92%), structural and thermal insulation (density 400–800 kg/m³, porosity 82%) and structural (density 800–1400 kg/m³, porosity up to 66%) .

That is, the higher the density of the material, the lower its thermal insulation ability. It is the finely porous structure that provides the material with a relatively low weight good warmth and soundproofing ability, as well as vapor permeability (which is generally not typical for monolithic concrete structures).

If we talk about high-quality aerated concrete products, then for the construction of a country house you should use blocks with a density of at least 500 kg/m³. Such aerated concrete is produced in large high-tech industries. The blocks are distinguished by geometric accuracy and compliance of the actual characteristics of the material with the indicators declared by the manufacturer.

To ensure that aerated concrete walls are of the required quality, the masonry is laid using a special mineral glue. This ensures a joint thickness of only 1–3 mm (for comparison, masonry with cement-sand mortar produces joints of 12–15 mm).

At the same time, heat loss is significantly reduced, because thick seams are real “cold bridges” through which heat leaves the house. Foam concrete is more affordable than aerated concrete (for comparison, the first will cost 1,300 rubles/m³, and the second – 2,800 rubles/m³), so many developers are turning their attention to it.

But the fact is that foam concrete blocks can be produced on special mobile installations in a rather artisanal way. Therefore, small businesses are often involved in their production. To obtain a finely porous structure, special substances are used - foaming agents.

These are mainly tanning extracts from the leather industry, various lyes, etc., that is, organic compounds that have a limited shelf life and different foaming abilities.

To reduce production costs, instead of quartz sand, manufacturers use substitutes in the form of industrial waste: fly ash, slag, etc. Hardening of the blocks occurs under natural conditions. The process proceeds unevenly, causing shrinkage deformations.

All this leads to, to put it mildly, vague technical specifications final product. The material has sufficient strength and retains heat well, but only if it is manufactured according to all the rules.

Expanded polystyrene concrete (from RUB 3,500/m³) has a cellular structure, which is formed by specially treated polystyrene granules. Polymer “grains”, consisting of 90% air, provide expanded polystyrene concrete with the highest heat saving indicators among cellular concrete.

Its thermal conductivity coefficient is 0.055–0.175 W/m² °C. In addition, this filling is water-repellent, which increases the water resistance of the material as a whole. In this review, we looked at the main, most common building materials and technologies.